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Infokekinian.com – Following is information regarding the meaning of regional autonomy according to experts, so watch this article to the end to find out more complete and clear information.
You may have heard or read the term 'regional autonomy' before. What exactly is regional autonomy?
Regional autonomy is the authority possessed by each region in regulating and managing its own government and the interests of the local community in accordance with statutory regulations.
If examined etymologically, the term regional autonomy comes from the Greek words autos and namos. Namos means rules and autos means alone.
Therefore, regional autonomy can be interpreted as the authority of certain regions to regulate their own government and the interests of their people.
Regional autonomy is regulated in law no. 32 of 2004 as the rights, authorities and obligations of autonomous regions to regulate and manage various matters related to government and the interests of its people in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.
Regional autonomy must be based on legal references, must meet the demands of globalization, and must be empowered by giving the regions greater, more real and responsible authority.
Especially in terms of utilization, regulation, and exploration of the potential resources of each region.
Definition of Regional Autonomy According to Experts
Limited freedom or independence where independence is manifested as a provision of opportunities that must be accounted for.
Benjamin Hoesein
The definition of regional autonomy according to the first expert is that of Baenyamin Hoesin, who said that governance by the people and for the people in the national territory of the State is informally outside the central government.
Vincent Lemius
A freedom or authority in making a political or administrative decision in accordance with what is in the law.
F. Sugeng Istianto
A right and authority to regulate and manage a regional household.
Sharif Saleh
A right to regulate and govern their own area where the right is a right obtained from a central government.
Sunarsip
The definition of regional autonomy according to the last expert is from Sunarsip which says that it is the authority of the region to manage and regulate all community interests according to its own initiative based on the aspirations of the community in accordance with statutory regulations.
Philip Mahwood
The right of civil society to get equal opportunities and treatment, both in terms of expressing, defending their respective interests, and participating in controlling the implementation of regional government performance.
Principles of Regional Autonomy
Based on the above understanding, the principle of regional autonomy includes:
The Principle of Autonomy as Wide as Possible
This principle refers to regulations in which regions have the authority to regulate government and regulate the interests of their people.
However, with a note that this autonomy does not have the authority to determine foreign, monetary, religious, judicial, security, and also national fiscal policies.
The Principle of Real Autonomy
This principle determines the authority possessed by the autonomous region to run the government based on the duties, authorities, and also obligations that have actually existed.
This task has the potential to be developed and adapted to regional characteristics and all its potential.
Principle of Responsible Autonomy
This one principle of autonomy regulates the regional administration system in accordance with the intent and purpose of granting the autonomy itself.
This is because the aim is for the region to develop and the community to become more prosperous.
Principles of Regional Autonomy
The principle of regional autonomy refers to Law no. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. Based on this law, there are 3 types of administration of government affairs which form the basis of Regional Governments in implementing regional autonomy, covering the principles of decentralization, deconcentration, and co-administration.
Decentralization
Is the granting of authority by the central government to regional governments in managing their own regional affairs based on the principle of autonomy.
Deconcentration
It is the delegation of governmental affairs which become the authority of the central government to the Governor as a representative of the central government to vertical agencies in certain areas or to governors and regents and mayors as those in charge of government affairs in general.
Assistance Tasks
It is an assignment from the central government to an autonomous region to carry out some of the government affairs which are under the authority of the central government or provincial regional governments in districts and cities to carry out some of the government affairs which are under the authority of the province.
While the general principles of state administration include:
- The principle of legal certainty: is a principle that refers to laws and justice in the implementation of state activities
- The principle of public interest: focusing on the general welfare in an accommodative, aspirational, and selective manner
- The principle of orderly organizersTo serve as a guideline for order, balance and harmony in controlling the administration of the state
- The principle of openness: being open to the public's right to obtain correct, honest and non-discriminatory information regarding the administration of the state by paying attention to the protection of personal rights, state and group secrets
- The principle of proportionality: prioritizing the balance between obligations and rights
- Principles of professionalism: prioritizing justice based on a code of ethics and provisions of applicable laws and regulations
- Accountability principle: ensure that every activity and the final results of state administration activities can be accounted for to the community and the people
- The principle of efficiency and effectiveness: guaranteeing the responsible and optimal use of available resources for the welfare of the people
Legal Basis for Regional Autonomy
The legal basis underlying regional autonomy includes:
- The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia article 18 (paragraphs 1-7), 18A (paragraphs 1 and 2), article 18B (paragraphs 1 and 2).
- Tap MPR RI No. XV/MPR?1998 concerning the implementation of regional autonomy, division, regulation, and equitable use of national resources, as well as the balance of central and regional finances within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
- Tap MPR RI No. IV/MPR/2000 regarding policy recommendations in the effort to implement regional autonomy
- Law No. 32 of 2004 regarding regional government
- Law No. 33 of 2004 regarding the financial balance between the central government and local governments
- Law No. 23 of 2014 regarding regional government which is a revision of Law no. 32 of 2004
Purpose of Regional Autonomy
In general, there are 7 objectives of regional autonomy, which include:
- Improving service to the community better
- Providing the development of democratic life
- Creating national justice
- Creating regional and regional equity
- Maintain harmonious relations between the central and regional governments as well as between one region and another to maintain the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
- Encouraging the creation of community empowerment
- Fostering creativity and initiative to increase participation in society, as well as developing the roles and functions of the DPRD (Regional People's Representative Council)
Meanwhile, conceptually, the three main goals that underlie the Indonesian government are political, administrative, and economic goals.
- Political goals: What is meant to be manifested in the political objectives of regional autonomy are efforts to realize political democratization through political parties and the DPRD
- Administrative purposes: What is to be realized through regional autonomy in the administrative field is the division of governmental affairs between the center and the regions, including financial resources, and renewal of government bureaucratic management in the regions.
- Economic goals: the implementation of regional autonomy is expected to realize an increase in the human development index as an indicator of increasing the welfare of the Indonesian people
Example of Regional Autonomy
To make it easier for you to understand and understand regional autonomy and its implementation, please refer to the examples of regional autonomy in the following review:
Determination of Regional Minimum Wage (UMR)
UMR is the lowest employee salary standard proposed by the government to employers in paying their employees. UMR is calculated on the cost of living in each region.
For example, in Yogyakarta, the UMR is in the range of 1.7 million. So, with that amount, someone living in Yogyakarta can fulfill their daily needs and pay monthly rent.
It's different in the city of Jakarta, if the Jakarta UMR is applied the same as in the city of Yogyakarta, then that person cannot fulfill his life needs.
The amount listed is of course far from sufficient. Jakarta's UMR figure has reached 3.5 million. This is comparable to the high cost of living in the capital.
The rules regarding the UMR have been regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower No. 01/MEN/1999 regarding the Minimum Wage.
Budget use
APBD (Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget) from one region to another will vary. It all depends on regional needs each year, as well as specific and general allocations.
The central government has provided flexibility for what funds are allocated as long as what is made by the regional government can be accounted for and not misused.
Educational Curriculum Development
Some subjects are mandatory and must be taught to all Indonesian students without exception. Such as mathematics, natural sciences, and Indonesian.
However, the central government also provides opportunities for local governments to require certain subjects for students, these subjects are called local content.
For example, the local content in Central Java is Javanese, while in West Java there is Sundanese.
This application is not a problem. Precisely if the application of certain regional languages as a whole in Indonesia will make learning ambiguous,
Determination of Retribution
From one area to another will have different retribution rates. This levy rate includes tourist entrance fees, parking, and so on.
When you pay for parking in the city of Solo, you are only charged a rate of 2 thousand rupiah, while in the city of Bandung, parking rates are calculated per hour.
This difference is not the policy of parking attendants, but regional regulations stipulated by regional governments with the authority of the central government.
Tourism Object Management
Indonesia is a country rich in natural potential. In addition, Indonesia has a high level of cultural diversity, so it can attract the attention of local and international tourists. This potential should be managed properly.
The regional government has been given freedom by the central government to manage the resources which are natural potentials in the area.
This includes tourist attractions. In practice, the local government completely leaves it up to the community to manage tourist attractions.
Local government will provide assistance if necessary. Profits will also be obtained by the community because they can be used to raise their economic level. With tourist visits, MSMEs that focus on the tourism sector will develop faster.
Implementation of Regional Autonomy in Indonesia
The implementation of regional autonomy is an important focal point to improve and enhance people's welfare.
The development of an area can be adjusted by the local government with the potential and uniqueness of each region.
Regional autonomy has been implemented in Indonesia since the issuance of law no. 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia No. 3839).
In 2004, Law No. 22 of 1999 regarding regional government was deemed no longer appropriate with the times, circumstances, state administration, and demands for the implementation of regional autonomy.
Then it was replaced by Law no. 32 of 2004 regarding Regional Government (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia 2004 No. 125, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia No. 4437).
Furthermore, Law no. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government until now, has undergone several changes. Finally, is Law no. 12 of 2008 regarding the second amendment to Law no. 32 of 2004 regarding Regional Government.
This is a good opportunity for regional governments to prove their ability to carry out this authority, the progress of a region is largely determined by the ability to implement this regional autonomy.
Local governments have the freedom to be creative and express themselves in developing their own regions. however, provided that it does not violate the provisions of the laws and regulations in force in Indonesia.
Some examples of successful implementation of regional autonomy are:
Development of Bandung to Become a Smart City
One of the authorities from the central government given to local governments is to organize their own cities.
This has been utilized by the Bandung City Government to develop the city into a Smart City since 2014.
The Smart city concept is integrated with one another. Starting from dealing with traffic jams, garbage, monitoring of vandalism, as well as well-maintained public facilities.
So, this regional autonomy regulation can be emulated by all governments and communities throughout Indonesia to create a better city and country.
Management of Fishery Products in West Nusa Tenggara
Fish catches in the NTB area are very high. Initially, regulations regarding waters and their output were controlled by the central government.
However, since the existence of regulations regarding decentralization in Law no. 22 of 1999 regarding regional autonomy, the NTB government made a new regulation in the form of Regional Regulation No. 15 of 2001 regarding the management of its own waters.
This regulation will have a positive impact because the provincial government can control and manage NTB waters more freely based on the principles of local wisdom.
The application of adat and the role of the community is becoming more and more. As a result, fish catches in NTB are very high.
Rules Regarding Online Transportation in Bogor City
In the current era of communication and information, technological developments in various areas of life are certain and unavoidable.
What can be done is to filter technology and make friends with useful technology.
However, some time ago there was a clash between online transportation drivers and conventional transportation drivers in the city of Bogor.
This clash makes people uneasy. At that time, there were no regulations regarding online transportation from the central government, so the Bogor City government acted quickly to quell the commotion.
Finally, a mayoral regulation (perwali) was made which was ratified and implemented in April 2017.
This Perwali regulates the number of online transportation fleets that can operate in the City of Bogor so that it does not cause congestion.
The range of online transportation services is also regulated, the quality of the transportation fleet, as well as passenger pick-up points.
Representatives of online and conventional transportation respond well to this rule so that social conflicts can be resolved. Security can be created again.
Features and Differences of Unitary State, Federal State, and Regional Autonomy
| Unitary state | Federal State | Regional autonomy |
|---|---|---|
| There is no agreement between regions when natural resources and human resources are involved | There is an agreement between regions if natural resources and human resources are involved | There is no agreement between regions when natural resources and human resources are involved |
| Each region is not recognized as a sovereign country | Each region is recognized as a sovereign country | Each region is not recognized as a sovereign country |
| Each region has a regional regulation whose level is below the law | Each region has a regional constitution that does not conflict with the state constitution, so it can be said to be its own law | Each region has a regional regulation whose level is below the law |
| Agreements with foreign or foreign parties through the center in advance | Agreements with foreign or foreign parties through the center in advance | Agreements with foreign or foreign parties through the center in advance |
| Centralization | Decentralization | semi-centralized |
| Perda can be revoked by the central government | Perda can be revoked by the DPR and DPD in each region | Perda can be revoked by the central government |
| Perda is bound by law | Regional Constitutions are not bound by state laws | Perda is bound by law |
| Regional problems are a shared responsibility | Regional problems are the responsibility of the local government | Regional problems are a shared responsibility |
| APBN and APBD expenditures are calculated in comparison | APBN and APBD are calculated for division | APBN and APBD expenditures are calculated in comparison |
| Only the president or king has the authority to regulate the law | The president or king is only authorized to regulate state law, while the regions are regulated by regional heads | Only the president or king has the authority to regulate the law |
| Regional government decisions are regulated by the central government | Local government decisions have nothing to do with the central government | Regional government decisions are regulated by the central government |
| Only nationally designated holidays are recognized | National holidays consist of central and regional | Only nationally designated holidays are recognized |
| The only recognized language is the national language | Regional languages are recognized in addition to the national language | The only recognized language is the national language |
| The DPRD (provincial/state/and so on) does not have a veto right over state laws that have been passed by the DPR | The DPRD (provincial/state/and so on) has a veto right over state laws that have been passed by the DPR | The DPRD (provincial/state/and so on) does not have a veto right over state laws that have been passed by the DPR |
| The regions are governed by the central government | Regions are required to be independent | Regions are required to be independent |
| Can get intervention from the central government | Cannot get intervention from the central government | Can get intervention from the central government |
| Only national flags are recognized | National and regional flags are equally recognized and aligned | Only national flags are recognized |
| APBD and APBN combined | The APBD is only for the region and the APBN is for the state | APBD and APBN combined |
Conclusion
That's a little information about the meaning of regional autonomy according to experts complete with the principles, principles and objectives of holding regional autonomy.
Thus the article regarding the Definition of Regional Autonomy According to Experts and don't forget to keep visiting the Infokekinian website.
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